RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVES

1. Active: (V.ING )
- The man who stands at the door is my uncle.
- The man who is / was standing at the door is my uncle. ( The man standing at the door is my uncle.
- The man who stood at the door is my uncle.
* Notes: We can
2. Passive: PII
- The woman who is / was given a flower looks / looked very happy.
( The woman given a flower looks / looked very happy.
3. Infinitive relative clauses: (active / passive)
a. Active: to V
- The first student who comes to class has to clean the board.
( The first student to come to class has to clean the board.
b. Passive: to be PII
- The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s.
( The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s.
* Notes: We can use an active or a passive to-infinitive after an ordinal number (first, second, ..), next, after, last, only, and an indefinite pronoun (something, anything, …)

EXERCISES
* Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using present participle or past participle:
1. The man who teaches my son is my friend.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
2. The street which leads to the school is very wide.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
3. My grandfather, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
4. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
5. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
6. The computers which are used here are very old.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
8. That is the news which surprised us most.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
9. They’ve just delivered the goods that were ordered last week.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
10. There are some children who are playing in the backyard of the house.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
11. Do you know the woman who made a very interesting speech last night?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
12. The foreign language which is being taught in most schools is English.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
13. Astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
14. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
15. The book that is on the top of the shelf is the one that is very useful.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
16. The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
17. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
18. The student who sits next to me is from China.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
19. Do you know the music which is being played on the radio?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
20. He lives in a big house which stands on the top of the hill.
->……………………………………………………………………………………

* Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using to- infinitive:
1. I have some letters that I must write.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
2. We had a river in which we could swim.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t have anyone that I can go with.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
4. She didn’t have anyone to whom she could send cards.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
5. There are two letters which must be written today.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Have you got a key which can unlock this door?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
7. He doesn’t have anything that he can eat.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Mary has a long letter which she must type right away.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
9. He gave me the magazine that I could read during the waiting time.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
10. John was the last person who left the room.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
11. I want to buy some postcards which I can send to my friends.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
12. I don’t have anything new that I can tell you today.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
13. He was the last man that was interviewed yesterday.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
14. Here is a test that must be finished right now.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
15. The man was the second person who was killed in this way.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
16. The place where we learn English well is the London School.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
17. How many pupils who were awarded are there in your class?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
18. There were 20 persons who were killed in the bomb explosion last week.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
19. Are there any cars which are being repaired in the garage at the moment